Girl Term - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1216 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/28 Category Literature Essay Type Definition Essay Level High school Tags: Empowerment Essay Did you like this example? A girl is a term used to refer to a female being who has not reached adulthood.it is the stage between birth and adulthood, before she is seen to as a woman. A girl is also nicknamed as a young woman. The author of the short story girl is talking about a daughter receiving guidance from her mother on how to handle herself and the people around her. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Girl Term" essay for you Create order The daughter was to know how to handle men, how to push through with daily chores and how to maintain her dignity as a young woman. The author further talks about woman empowerment and the rules that govern traditions and customs of the society. (Definition of GIRL) Woman empowerment is defined as the opportunity a girl child is given to deliver what she is right in.Woman empowerment fights for the rights of a girl child whereby, she is supposed to be given equal chances as the boy child on matters like education and responsibilities although some of them differ. Although the locality of the story is not mentioned, it is believed to have come from West Indies because of the traditions and storyline of the people used in it. As the mother was advising the child, she allowed obstruction only when the daughter was justifying herself or when she had a question to ask on the topic discussed. Womanhood is defined as how a woman maintains cleanliness in the house and its environment near her. A woman should not only consider looks or how much makeup she can apply to be seen prettier but how clean she is with house chores.A woman is seen as a keeper. (Shri Harini Media Limited.) She should be superior when it comes to the environment around the house by ensuring cleanliness. It is seen as suicidal when a woman breaks the rule of purity. Motherly advice is given from one generation to the next generation.it is essential as a girl child to listen and learn to provide the same information to your future children. As part of the opinion, the mother is supposed to teach her daughter the customs and traditions of their community. Customs and traditions are expected to be followed strictly since breaking them is a taboo. The mother in the short story girl continued advising her daughter on the things she should do and what she should not.She showed her how to set the table for tea, lunch, and supper. Presentation of food is necessary because clean and well-arranged food increases appetite. She was shown how to iron her fathers khaki trousers to avoid creases. This was to prepare her for the ironing of her future husbands clothes. She was warned against entertaining wharf-rat boys because she would appear as a slut or contract sexually transmitted diseases or get pregnant. She was shown how sweeping of the whole house, the yard and the corners of the house since edges are the hideouts of dust and cobwebs. Smiling is a weapon to express love to people around, so she was shown how to laugh to people she does not like at all, people she likes entirely and those she does not like too much. When planting the okra, it is necessary to grow it away from the house since it is a habitant of red ants that are harmful. (P.228-229) She was told that sheen requires a lot of water while growing to avoid the itching of the throat while eating. She was taught how to sew buttons and make buttonholes on shirts trousers and dresses. How to make hems on a skirt coming down to avoid people mistaking her for a slut she is not. In the presence of men she does not know well, she was guided on how to behave well to avoid being judged.Squatting to pick marbles was not allowed since she is not a boy. Picking of flowers was not allowed because she would touch things that were not that good. Throwing of stones at the blackbird was also not allowed since she could mistakenly kill other birds thinking they were all blackbirds. She was shown how to make doukona (is a boiled cake made of potato), bread pudding and a pepper pot. These are some of the meals eaten by the West Indians. She was further guided on how to make good medicine for the cold, when to throw medication that was not good for consumption and how the drugs for child ren are made. She was shown how to soak fish in salt overnight before cooking, how to prepare it, how to throw it back if not needed and how to avoid predicaments. She was shown to differentiate between men who truly loves her, when she is being bullied and when to intimidate a man. Clothes are to be washed daily, and she is supposed to soak white garments immediately they are taken off. White clothes and colored are to be cleaned on different days dried on a stone heap and folded neatly. She is supposed to choose clothes made of cotton with no gum to stretch while washing or drying to avoid loss of shape. (Siqueira) On Sunday she is not supposed to sing benna in church or give directions to the boys. She should avoid eating on the streets since it is seen as unethical and she may be misquoted. She was shown how to cook pumpkin in hot oil to make them taste yummy. Practice makes perfect. Although she may forget some of the steps taught, she was not supposed to give up but continue trying. She was finally told to behave in her best behavior so that she would not be denied favors if she requested for any or lose her dignity. The girl child was to act as the pillar of the family. She was supposed to take care of the children and the husband. Also, the extended relatives looked up to her for both physical and moral support. Her multitasking ability was to be seen when doing so many tasks at a go just to keep everything in order. The novel summarizes the roles and rights of the girl child. She is taught what to do and what she should fight for instead of letting anyone oppress her. The mother vividly advised her daughter not to give up even if things dont seem to go the right way. The passage of advice from one generation to another helps in the maintenance of dignity, customs, and traditions from one generation to another. I can conclude by saying the mother in this story was strict since she did not want to be distracted at all while giving advice.it is good for the daughter to listen and learn because she would be the role model to the generation to come. (P.228-229) Works Cited Definition of GIRL. Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: Americas Most-trusted Online Dictionary, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/girl. Shri Harini Media Limited. Groups and Discussions on Child Development Parent circle. Parenting India Magazine, Parenting Tips, and Advice, Child Development ParentCircle, www.parentcircle.com/circles/all/. Siqueira, Renita. Welcome The Girl Child Parentcircle. Parenting India Magazine, Parenting Tips and Advice, Child Development ParentCircle, 12 July 2017, www.parentcircle.com/article/welcome-the-girl-child.

Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 815 Words

â€Å"Just forget it,† I say, â€Å"but hurry up and get dressed. I need to get to school.† Sarah darts out of my room. I glare at the closet and then force myself to wear one of my favorite red tops that’s now mint green. At least it looks good with the unscathed pair of jeans I find. For some reason, the universe likes me enough to spare the jeans. Within minutes I eat and rush my sister and I out the door. A wave of morning air fills my nostrils, sending a slight chill down my now-green sweatshirt. I cross my heart and hope I’m not going insane somehow. With my car keys in my hand, I turn around from locking the front door. My small little car sits before me, and my temper flares at the sight. â€Å"The paint!† I yell. I sprint to my car, circling around it. The white paint is the ugliest, dirtiest, grossest shade of mucky green in the world. I hiss. This means war. I open my car door, slam it shut, and jam my key into the ignition. My car starts up with a loud rev, and I back the vehicle out of the driveway. â€Å"Finley, calm down,† Sarah says. â€Å"I can’t,† I say, spinning the wheel. We speed down the street as I fume internally. I can’t put into words what’s happening to me. How could Sarah believe all my clothes are green? How could all my photos show me wearing green all the time? Sarah and I reach her middle school within record time, and I drop her off in front of the building. I make sure she’s safe inside before pulling down the street towards Byerton High School. Even though I know IShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1110 Words   |  5 PagesI don’t know how I got to where I am, but I’m here now, and I have to win if I want to live. I am in a game, and in order to live, I have to escape. That’s the thing, though: I don’t know how to escape. I was running for my life around this old house that looked like it came straight out of a horror movie. 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You must have had fathomed that some degree of formality had seeped between us. Born of habit, formulaic greetings had become a routine. You presume that I’m a close friendRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1387 Words   |  6 PagesI was wearing a beautiful blue dress with sapphire gems all around the chest area as I entered the ball with Ciel and Sebastian. I took a good look around here, the hallway was lined with gold. There was a servant ready to escort us to the ball room. Hello, come this way. He said, walking forward. Wow, this place is so fancy! I exclaimed, looking around. It s fake gold. Ciel bluntly replied, bringing my hopes down. I sighed. Ciel sounded like he wasn t in a very good mood. Ciel, lightenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1287 Words   |  6 Pages In the morning, Caireann woke me up. She stood above my bed, shaking my shoulder. I opened my eyes, looking at her. Then I looked across the room to her empty bed. Andy s empty bed sat in the corner. 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The Good Earth Essay Sample free essay sample

The Good Earth is a fresh by Pearl S. Buck published in 1931 and awarded the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel in 1932. The best-selling novel in the United States in both 1931 and 1932. it was an influential factor in Buck’s winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938. It is the first book in a trilogy that includes Sons ( 1932 ) and A House Divided ( 1935 ) . The novel of household life in a Chinese small town before World War II has been a steady favourite of all time since. In 2004. the book was returned to the best seller list when chosen by the telecasting host Oprah Winfrey for Oprah’s Book Club. [ 1 ] The novel helped fix Americans of the 1930s to see Chinese as Alliess in the coming war with Japan. [ 2 ] A Broadway phase version was produced by the Theatre Guild in 1932. written by the male parent and boy playwriting squad of Owen and Donald Davis. but it was ill received by the critics. and ran merely 56 public presentations. However. the 1937 movie. The Good Earth. which was based on the phase version. was more successful. The narrative begins on Wang Lung’s marrying twenty-four hours and follows the rise and autumn of his lucks. The House of Hwang. a household of affluent landholders. lives in the nearby town. where Wang Lung’s future married woman. O-Lan. lives as a slave. As the House of Hwang easy declines due to opium usage. frequent disbursement. and uncontrolled adoption. Wang Lung. through his ain difficult work and the accomplishment of his married woman. O-Lan. easy earns adequate money to purchase land from the Hwang household. O-Lan delivers three boies and three girls ; the first girl becomes mentally handicapped as a consequence of terrible malnutrition brought on by dearth. Her male parent greatly pities her and calls her â€Å"Poor Fool. † a name by which she is addressed throughout her life. O-Lan putting to deaths her 2nd girl at birth to save her the wretchedness of turning up in these difficult times. and to give the staying household a better opportunity to las t. During the annihilating dearth and drouth. the household must fly to a big metropolis in the South to happen work. Wang Lung’s malignant uncle offers to purchase his ownerships and land. but for significantly less than their value. The household sells everything except the land and the house. Wang Lung so faces the long journey South. contemplating how the household will last walking. when he discovers that the â€Å"firewagon† ( the Chinese word for the newly-built train ) takes people south for a fee. In the metropolis. O-Lan and the kids beg while Wang Lung pulls a jinrikisha. Wang Lung’s male parent begs but does non gain any money. and sits looking at the metropolis alternatively. They find themselves aliens among their more metropolitan countrymen who look different and speak in a fast speech pattern. They no longer hunger. due to the one-cent charitable repasts of jook. but still live in low poorness. Wang Lung longs to return to his land. When ground forcess approach the metropolis he can merely work at dark haling ware out of fright of being conscripted. One clip. his boy brings place stolen meat. Furious. Wang Lung throws the meat on the land. non desiring his boies to turn up as stealers. O-Lan. nevertheless. calmly picks up the meat and cooks it. When a nutrient public violence erupts. Wang Lung unwillingly joins a rabble that is plundering a rich man’s house and corners the adult male himself. who fears for his life and gives Wang Lung all his money in order to purchase his safety. Meanwhile. his married woman finds gems in a concealment topographic point in another house. concealing them between her chests. Wang Lung uses his money to convey the household place. purchase a new ox and farm tools. and hire retainers to work the land for him. In clip. the youngest kids are born. a duplicate boy and girl. When he discovers the gems O-Lan looted from the house in the southern metropolis. Wang Lung buys the House of Hwang’s staying land. He is finally able to direct his first two boies to school ( besides apprenticing the 2nd 1 as a merchandiser ) and retains the 3rd one on the land. As Wang Lung becomes more comfortable. he buys a courtesan named Lotus. O-Lan dies. but non before witnessing her first son’s nuptials. Wang Lung and his household travel into town and rent the old House of Hwang. Wang Lung. now an old adult male. wants peace. but there are ever differences. particularly between his first and 2nd boies. and peculiarly their married womans. Wang Lung’s 3rd boy runs off to go a soldier. At the terminal of the novel. Wang Lung overhears his boies be aftering to sell the land and attempts to deter them. They say that they will make as he wishes. but smile wittingly at each other. Fictional characters Wang Lung—a hapless. hard-working husbandman Born and raised in a little small town of Anhwei. He is the supporter of the narrative and suffers adversities. He follows ethical motives and Chinese traditions such as filial piousness and responsibility to household. Believes the land is the beginning of felicity and wealth. He subsequently becomes a really successful adult male and possesses a big secret plan of land which he buys from the House of Hwang. As his life style alterations he stops caring about his ain life and he buys a kept woman. In Pinyin. Wang’s name is written â€Å"Wang Long. † [ 3 ] Wang is likely to be the common family name â€Å"Wang† represented by the character ?. O-Lan—first married woman. once a slave in the house of Hwang. A adult female of few words. she is simple minded but however is valuable to Wang Lung for the accomplishments she acquired antecedently. She is considered field or ugly ; her pess are non bound. She is h ardworking and self-denying. Wang Lung’s father—desires grandchildren to soothe him in his old age. becomes extremely destitute and infantile as the novel progresses. The Poor Fool—first girl and 3rd kid of O-lan and Wang Lung. whose mental disability was caused by terrible famishment during her babyhood. As the old ages go by. Wang Lung grows really fond of her. She largely sits in the Sun and twists a piece of fabric. Second Baby Girl—Killed instantly after bringing by O-Lan because the household was hungering. It is implied that a hungry Canis familiaris eats her dead organic structure. Nung En ( Eldest Son ) — as a small boy really respectful. and goes to school. is an irresponsible boy and marries the girl of the local grain merchandiser. Nung Wen ( Middle Son ) —is a responsible boy of Wang Lung but is against his father’s traditional moralss. Eldest Son’s Wife—Daughter of a grain merchandiser and a metropolis adult female who hates the in-between son’s married woman. She is brought to the house before O-Lan’s decease and is deemed proper and fit by the deceasing adult female. He r first kid is a male child. Middle Son’s Wife—A reasonably rural adult female. Hates the first son’s married woman. Her first kid is a miss. Youngest Son—Wang Lung intends for this boy to be in charge of the farm whilst his other two boies are educated. but he runs off to go a soldier. Youngest Daughter—Twin sister of the youngest boy. betrothed to a merchant’s boy earlier due to torment from her cousin. Wang Lung’s Uncle—a sly. lazy adult male who is extremely ranked in a set of stealers known as the Redbeards and a load to Wang Lung ; becomes addicted to opium. Very fat. relies to a great extent on the tradition of younger coevalss who care for older coevalss. Uncle’s Wife—becomes a friend of Lotus ; besides becomes addicted to opium. Very fat. greedy and lazy. Uncle’s Son—Wild and lazy. leads Nung En into problem and leaves to go a soldier. Disrespectful and visits many courtesans. Ching—Wang Lung’s faithful friend and neighbour. Dies and is buried near the entryway to the household cemetery. Wang Lung plans to be buried following to him. Lotus Flower —Much-spoiled courtesan and former cocotte. Finally becomes fat. Helps set up the eldest son’s and youngest daughter’s nuptials. In the beginning older than she appears and complains a batch. Cuckoo—Formerly a slave in the house of Hwang. Becomes madame of the â€Å"tea house† . finally becomes servant to Lotus. Hated by O-Lan because she was cruel to her in the Hwang House. Pear Blossom—Bought as a immature miss. she serves as a slave. At the terminal of the novel she becomes Wang Lung’s courtesan because she says she prefers the quiet devotedness of old work forces to the ardent passions of immature work forces. [ edit ] Chronology The novel’s chronology is ill-defined. as it provides no expressed day of the months from which to work. There are. nevertheless. mentions to events which take topographic point in Chinese History which. if accurately placed by the writer. supply an approximative clip frame ; among these are the usage of railwaies and the Xinhai Revolution. The clip spent by the household in the South ( likely Shanghai ) following the dearth in their place of Anhui provides the best chance to come close the clip span of the novel. Railroads in China were non constructed until the terminal of the nineteenth century. with virtually no widespread development until after 1904. The lines widening from Shanghai to the North were constructed merely after 1908. The train used by Wang Lung and his household is implied to be comparatively new. which would put their going to the South around this clip. Their return. which takes topographic point shortly after the southern metropolis descends into civil p andemonium. best matches the clip of the 1911 Revolution. Accepting this as a starting point. earlier and later day of the months can be estimated harmonizing to the ages of characters and the seasonal harvest rhythms which are mentioned. If accurate. this would probably put the terminal of the novel sometime after its day of the month of publication. [ edit ] Political Influence Some bookmans have seen The Good Earth as making understanding for China in the oncoming war with Japan. â€Å"If China had non captured the American imaginativeness. † said one. â€Å"it might merely hold been possible to work out a more satisfactory Far Eastern policy. † but such plants as The Good Earth. â€Å"infused with an apprehensible compassion for the agony Chinese. did small to inform Americans about their limited options in Asia. † [ 4 ] The diplomatic historiographer Walter LaFeber. nevertheless. although he agrees that Americans grew enamored of heroic Chinese portrayed by authors such as Buck. concluded that â€Å"these positions of China did non determine U. S. policy after 1937. If they had. Americans would hold been contending in Asia long earlier 1941. † [ 5 ] The Columbia University political scientist Andrew J. Nathan praised Hilary Spurling’s book Pearl Buck in China: Journey to The Good Earth. stating that it should travel rea ders to rediscover Buck’s work as a beginning of penetration into both radical China and the United States’ interactions with it. Spurling observes that Buck was the girl of American missionaries and defends the book against charges that it is merely a aggregation of racialist stereotypes. In her position. Buck delves profoundly into the lives of the Chinese hapless and opposed â€Å"religious fundamentalism. racial bias. gender subjugation. sexual repression. and favoritism against the handicapped. † Mentions: W. John Campbell: The Book of Great Books: A Guide to 100 World Classics. Barnes A ; Baronial Publication 2002. ISBN 978-0-7607-1061-6. pp. 284–294 ( restricted online transcript at Google Books ) Charles Hayford. â€Å"What’s So Bad About The Good Earth? . † Education about Asia. volume 3. figure 3. winter 1998. Hilary Spurling. Burying the Boness: Pearl Buck in China. ( London: Profile. 2010. ISBN 9781861978288 ) . Published in the United States as Hilary Spurling. Pearl Buck in China: Journey to the Good Earth. ( New York: Simon A ; Schuster. 2010. ISBN 9781416540434 ) . [ edit ] External links A Guide to Pearl S. Buck’s The Good Earth – Asia for Educators ( Columbia University ) [ edit ] Notes ^ The Good Earth at Oprah’s Book Club web site^ Mike Meyer ( March 5. 2006 ) . â€Å"Pearl of the Orient† . The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-10-10. ^ Mandarin Transliteration Chart^ William L. O’Neill. A Democracy At War: America’s Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II. ( Harvard University Press. 1997 ) . p 57. ^ Walter Lafeber. The Clang: U. S. -Japanese Relationss Throughout History. ( New York ; London: Norton. 1997 ) . p. 206. ^ â€Å"Pearl Buck in China: Journey to The Good Earth† Reviewed by By Andrew J. Nathan Foreign Affairs November/December 2010 [ fell ] V T vitamin E Pulitzer Prize for Fiction ( 1926–1950 )Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis ( declined ) ( 1926 ) Early Fall by Louis Bromfield ( 1927 ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder ( 1928 ) Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin ( 1929 ) Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge ( 1930 ) Old ages of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes ( 1931 ) The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck ( 1932 ) The Shop by Thomas Sigismund Stribling ( 1933 ) Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Pafford Miller ( 1934 ) Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson ( 1935 ) Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis ( 1936 ) Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell ( 1937 ) The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand ( 1938 ) The Toddler by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings ( 1939 ) The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck ( 1940 ) In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow ( 1942 )Dragon’s Teeth by Upton Sinclair ( 1943 ) Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin ( 1944 ) A Bell for Adano by John Hersey ( 1945 ) All the King’s Men by Robert Penn War ren ( 1947 ) Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener ( 1948 ) Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens ( 1949 ) The Way West by A. B. Guthrie. Jr. ( 1950 ) Complete list ( 1918–1925 ) ( 1926–1950 ) ( 1951–1975 ) ( 1976–2000 ) ( 2001–2025 ) View page evaluations

The United Kingdom Budget Airline Easyjet Tourism Essay Example

The United Kingdom Budget Airline Easyjet Tourism Essay EasyJet was found by Stelios Hajiaˆ?Ioannou, the boy of a Grecian bringing baron. The corporation was ab initio set up in 1994. As a lowaˆ?cost air hose, looking to vie with traditional bearers such as British Airways, it needed to make a thin operation. To make this, Hajiaˆ?Ioannou house on a solo gross revenues conduit in instruct to populate to state the narrative. He chooses the telephone. At the clip this was radical, but the owner was anticipant by companies such as consecutive column screen, and the militias, which straight trade, would bring. History-journey 2009- EasyJet beyond uncertainty becomes a pot European air hose, in service over 400 paths by agencies of over 175 aeroplanes in 27 states. For the initial clip, over 50 % of easy Jet s riders create from exterior the UK. 2008- EasyJet finish the attainment of GB Airways, a London Gatwick-based air hose in committee to destination transversally Southern Europe and North Africa 2007- EasyJet enthused to its new control centre in an aircraft shed at Luton airdrome We will write a custom essay sample on The United Kingdom Budget Airline Easyjet Tourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The United Kingdom Budget Airline Easyjet Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The United Kingdom Budget Airline Easyjet Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 2006- immediate Boarding is introduce, giving riders superior alternative over their seats readyings 2005- EasyJet takes release of its hundredth aeroplane. It s a prodigious alteration on or after the two rental plane it in advancement with 10 old ages until that clip 2004- The air hose becomes the first to take benefit of the newly-enlarged European Union by preliminary flight to Hungary and Slovenia. 2003- The primary Airbus A319 travel into warm-up in Geneva, 12 months subsequent to the contract to get up to 240 aircraft was announce 2002- EasyJet purchase Stansted-based low-priced air hose Go ( which had originally been set up by British Airways ) to do Europe s figure one air convey system 2001- EasyJet do Gatwick its 5th underside and go the 2nd chief planned air hose at the airdrome 2000- EasyJet float on the London Stock barter at a present monetary value of 310p, value the corporation at ?777m. before long after, EasyJet join the FTSE 250 catalog of company 1999- The primary sequence of Airline , which follow the life of simple Jet s employees and rider, is exposed on ITV, often attract over 10 million audience 1998- EasyJet purchase 40 % of Swiss contract procedure, TEA Basel AG, subsequently renamed EasyJet Switzerland 1997- EasyJet launches easyJet.com to give in sequence on the air hose. Four old ages subsequently on the air hose sells its 10 millionth on-line accommodate. 1996- EasyJet takes release of its primary wholly-owned aircraft and goes worldwide with flight to Amsterdam on or after London Luton. 1995- EasyJet found by Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou. Opening flights go on or after Luton to Edinburgh and Glasgow. Guarantees and contingent liabilities The corporation is known as an official duty to the societal Aviation power to guarantee the imbursement and free of liability of Easy Jet Airline Corporation Limited, a supplementary of the corporation. The confidence is necessary for that company to support its services to attest under regulation 3 of the licence of Air Carriers system 1992. The corporation has issued an confidence in good bend of EasyJet Airline Corporation Limited, a auxiliary duty, in household member to the privilege of congratulations card traffics, and besides in high sentiment of lie traffics carried out harmonizing to caissons scheme. The Company has certain the contractual duty of EasyJet Leasing Limited, a auxiliary duty, in esteem of its contractual duty to Airbus SAS in esteem of the supplier of Airbus 320 dealingss aircraft. The Company has certain the refund of adoptions that finance the accomplishment of aircraft by auxiliary activities. The Company has besides certain the sum duty for the rent of aircraft by auxiliary activities. The Company has certain certain correspondence of recognition which has been issue by a bank on behalf of accessory actions. Income statement and statement of recognized income and disbursal In understanding with portion 408 of the company Act 2006, the corporation is excused from the status to there its ain net incomes declaration. The Company s income intended for the twelvemonth is ?263.6 million ( 2008: ?15.2 million ) . Built-in in this measure are dividend inward edge of ?261.7 million ( 2008: ?nil ) . The Company familiar no other net incomes or charges in either the bing or old twelvemonth. The Company has eight workers at 30 September 2009 ( 2008: seven ) . These are the Non decision-making Directors of EasyJet plc ; their wage is paid by EasyJet Airline Company Limited. The Executive Directors of EasyJet plc is working and waged by EasyJet Airline Company Limited. Situation Analysis EasyJet was chosen as a commercialism fantastic brand by the Super trade name Council which recognizes company with an exceeding merchandise name in November 1999. The mixture of constructive market place state of affairs, hearty in service political orientation and world-class advertisement, underpinned by the capitalist phantom of the adult male now ill-famed to the municipal simply as Stelios, conveying triumph and differentiation to EasyJet. Swot Strengths Failings It additions efficiencies compared to traditional one and carries with rapid turnaround melodies, and progressive landing charge understanding with airdrome, maximise assets useful. Highly strong, advanced and proactive leading provided by the CEO which is being continued. Overall cost leading theoretical account ( utilizing derived function priced menus ) The trade name name `Easy Jet` has all the qualities required for long term memory storage and will non be easy to bury. The air hose flights to chief finish airdrome throughout Europe selling are really attractive to concern travellers. Good leading in the air power sector. Solid repute, high skilled work force applied to clients. High quality and advanced services The air hose does non have the `EasyJet ` trade name ( ain by sir Stelios ) and as consequence, does non hold control on its public presentation of other merchandises and service utilizing the same name. Besides loss of use in hereafter could adversely impact its ain market public presentation. The air hose must be continually innovatively keeping its current advantage in e-tailing. Continue nutriment of cost leading can be hard in a dynamic market. The two drivers of growing, the focal point on monetary value and the focal point on conveyance ( frequent flights, small connexion, more nearby airdromes ) seem to be making their natural bounds. Differentiation from at that place could go hard. The concern theoretical account can go bleary under contentious force per unit area. Depend on each state economic system. Opportunities Menaces Increase entrepreneurial activities in the new EU member state and will be a beginning for concern and economic system travel. Consolidation could assist EasyJet to certain degree offset the force per unit area on its cost and pares. Immense growing of concern and leisure rider predicted in the following 5 old ages. Immigration into Europe is bound to increase due to high inclination of instability in the middle-east part in the resent old ages. Resent enlargement of the EU has resold in gap of new markets for the LCCs. There low pares will increase motion of occupation searchers across boundary lines and besides promote the truism industry, taking to economic growing. Technology promotion in the behavior of concern meeting like video-conferencing can be damaging to short distance flights. Impending addition in environmental revenue enhancements colt be hurdle in future enlargement programs. Terrorism or ruinous loss can ensue in lesser air travel loss off infrastructural support. Due to its limited flue hedge policy, EasyJet is more valuable to fuel monetary value fluctuations ( than Ryan air ) , increasing variableness in its costs. Ware menaces and eruption of epidemics increase apprehensivenesss about air travel. Plague Political factors: In the UK you can non see the political factors that make impact on all bing industries in the state. Like it or non, political intervention is present everyplace in the universe. Presents, all states political landscape is mostly unstable due to volatile international events and the menaces of terrorist onslaughts. The major political event occurred in September 11. Event occurred in September made a particular impact on all air power sectors because planes were involved in the onslaught. The sudden consequence was a important diminution in air traffic because of safety and security concerns of the people. International air hoses are to a great extent influenced by their states trade relationships with others. Unless the authoritiess of both states trade with each other, it can non be any particular limitations into the country taking to loss of possible air traffic. Economic Factors: Business circulations have a varied impact on the air hose industry. Due to the recession, air hoses are considered a epicurean journey A ; hence disbursement on air travel is cut down by the riders and therefore leads to decrease in the ticket monetary values. During affluent period, largely riders are desired to pass money in going and therefore the monetary values of the air ticket additions. Soon after the incident occurred on September 11, the economic system of the universe s dropped into planetary recession. In the UK, even Bankss were forced to cut down outgos to increase net incomes of the organisations and the top degree directors were given first category railroad tickets alternatively of plane tickets. This is one of the major impacts on Easy Jet Airline Services. Social factors: alteration of people s travel wonts has a major impact on the air hose industry. In a state like India, people of different provinces incomes vary. Easy Jet Airlines demand to acknowledge these persons and should function them consequently. Easy Jet Airlines should concentrate on their clients who are chiefly low-income clients and their wonts of traveling, finish they wish to go largely, type of nutrient they eat, etc. , All will be selected in conformity with the basic gustatory sensations of their clients. Technological Factors: The turning use of the Internet is responsible for many chances to air hoses. Major Airline Service suppliers besides deliver many cyberspace based services to its clients such as online ticket engagement, updated information of the flights, agenda of the flight information A ; oversing client ailments. The Easy Jet Authority is emerging new communicating engineerings such as air traffic direction systems, pilotage and surveillance for its air power sector that will assist the organisation to run into the estimated growing and demand for riders in the extroverted decennaries. E-Marketing Strategy Strategy and concern theoretical account Easy Jet s operational policies were based on maintaining costs to a lower limit to let the air hose to offer the lowest menus possible. It adopted a figure of patterns that helped control uneconomical disbursals and provided the best possible service within the bounds prescribed by cost. Easy Jet s strategy has six cardinal confident attacks: Promise to client installation: It aim in cooperation concern and trim clip traveler. Client proposal of EasyJet is Low cost with attention and convenience . EasyJet has adopted the beliefs of given that indispensable installation with a smiling. It has been achieved straight above typical client satisfaction, confirmed by the award that it has been accepted over the old ages. It does non consist any restrictions on manus over baggage but merely limits the size of baggage. Network scheme: EasyJet follow a point-to-point path association and turn by merger points. It focuses on catchment country and low monetary value to acquire clasp of traffic. It expands by turning incidence of flights. Strong stigmatization: EasyJet has invested a clump in PR and promotion. It has been impending in air hose Television plans and fashioned physically powerful trade name profile in catchment countries from side to side promotion. The neon carroty easy trade name name represents cost for money. Pricing and gross direction: The air hoses follow an in one way, time- dependent comparative monetary value with merely on-line reserves apart from intended for two hebdomads before take-off, at what clip tele- engagement is authorized. Lower unit costs: even though EasyJet does embrace lower operation costs, its operation boundaries are a big sum lower than Ryan air. This is since it flies to most of import airdromes for the most portion of the clip, uses two most of import types of convoy, invests a great trade in promotion and community relations and adopts restricted fuel lie. Its menu are besides much advanced than with the purpose of Ryan air. Employee civilization: EasyJet employ about 5000 persons around Europe. In judicial admissions of civilization, EasyJet favoritism an informal concern civilization by agencies of a really level organisation construction, this eliminates gratuitous and excessive beds of disposal. All office-based workers are optimistic to dress indifferently. Neckties are disqualified apart from for pilots! Distant operational and hot- desking have been sort of EasyJet since the beginning. Workers can purchase corporation portion and in add-on are known presentation award appreciate their forces. Features of the concern theoretical account: EasyJet keeps disbursals low by extinguish the redundant costs and frills. Their industry theoretical accounts meet the clients bid for a simple, fiscal program determined travel replacement. EasyJet was lone of the primary air hoses to snuggle the juncture of the cyberspace at what clip it sold its primary settle online in April 1998. Now over 95 % of all seating is selling online, industry EasyJet one of Europe s major cyberspace retail merchants, well plumping its sharing costs. The riders who reserve on-line take bringing of an electronic mail contain their journey inside informations and verification figure, to a certain extent than tickets from side to side the station. Online purchaser besides advantage from paying the cost of a restricted call, in its topographic point of the standard countrywide gait of EasyJet s engagement line. Easy Jet s cyberspace engagement development is straightforward and clear-cut for which it has won many awards ; Safe and efficient flight operations: The standard age of EasyJet fleets is refering 2.5 old ages. It has merely one category in flights. It besides uses the cyberspace and the telephone as resourceful selling equipment. No free tiffin : The air hose has eliminated redundant forces which are multifaceted to cover with such as complimentary catering, pre- assigned seating, interline associates and burden services. This keeps the entire rate of industry depression ; Efficient usage of airdromes: EasyJet fly to chief mark airports all the manner through Europe, but addition efficiencies compared to conventional bearers with rapid rotate times, and progressive corridor accusal understandings with airdromes ; Maximizing the use of significant assets: EasyJet flies its aircraft intensively, with rapid rotate period every minute it lands. This gives it an exceptionally low entity cost with greatest operation of its fleet. It has understanding to keep riders, burden and station in aircrafts of 20 or more seats ; Ticketless travel: Passengers collect booking information via an e-mail to a certain extent than papers and for this ground end point in ticketless journey. This helps to considerably shrivel the charge of publishing, distribute, dispensation and reunion 1000000s of traffics each twelvemonth ; Paperless operations: Since its unfastened, EasyJet has simplified its working patterns by encompassing the construct of the paperless office. The direction and direction of the corporation is undertaken wholly on IT systems which be able to be accessed all the manner through protected waiters from wherever in the universe enabling tremendous lissomeness in the operation of the air hose ; Issues: The air hose seems to be located really good, with experts predict strong expansion in the low charge subdivision. Given the afloat market place and the scarceness of other option in the UK, resistance is likely to intensify ineluctably followed by consolidation, an early signal of which is easy Jet s get of GO. The UK market place offers small addition juncture ; therefore soaking up will be on the Continental bazar and other fresh EU member market. So EasyJet should look at several issues with a drawn-out term position. These issues are: How can it increase its beginnings of accessory gross? Should it be after for spread outing outside Europe in a major manner? How should it turn and spread out its operations without impacting its operating borders? What should be the long term game program to battle competition and hostile coup detat commands? Which are the most moneymaking geographical markets and niche sections that it must concentrate on? Customer centric selling Customer centric selling infers that by considerate the demands of the client foremost and primary, commerce result will be achieve. Looking at the publicity mix from a client centric point of view should consequence in ware and schemes that are conference the demands of likely clients, as different to a necessity to put in costly, interruptive publicity to promote patronage of a demand with the significance of they do non hold. What is a client value proposition? Expansion of a clear buyer value proposal is now an of import portion of client centric selling, client association disposal and trade name. A square position of the charge strategy is provided by Knox et Al. ( 2003 ) in their cheque of attacks to client association disposal. They say a value proposal is: AnA offer defined in footings of the mark clients, the benefits offered to these clients, and the monetary value charged comparative to the competition. Legal and Ethical Issues The Internet and Issues Regarding Defamation Slander is a wide term covering malign and libel. Slander is a fake statement made en path for injure the name of a individual. Slander is a similar study that is published i.e. is stated in a small fixed center, such as in lettering. The Internet, since of the freedoms it provides, is a possible beginning of defamatory issues that could affect ISP liability. Two illustrations of such issue, taken from Bit jurisprudence ( 2000 ) be given lower than. Sensation was sued for libel because of an violative remark ended by one of its habitues in one of its treatment impermanent place ( or bulletin boards ) . The referee had to decide whether esthesis was merely a vending machine of the in bend ( in which pencil instance it would non last responsible for slur by a punter ) , or whether it be a publishing house of the in sequence ( in which glasses instance it would be guilty of calumny since, as publishing house, it has control over content ) . The justice found Prodigy in the wrong of vilification on the justification that phenomenon have good publicized policy for monitoring every bit good as censor content into its statement suites, and therefore execute like a publishing house. On the former manus, in a parallel instance associating CompuServe, the referee ruled that the company be non guilty of libel because it did non use any tally over treatment country content and so acted merely as a slot machine to a certain extent than a publishing house. Internet Issues Involving Privacy Business and way have ever serene information on the subject of folks, families, the market, etc. from get downing en path for terminal studies, interview, etc. In general, the personality on the topic of whom in sequence was populating being collected knew that this be being done. On the other manus, by manner of the Internet every bit good as telecommunications, engineering presently available makes it possible to enter and/or hint every chink or interaction by a client shoping the web, missing their acquaintance. This have raised issue about the person s true to maintain his or her non public with concerns workss and in bend classified. The Federal Trade occupation ( FTC ) has outlined several factors with the purpose of must regulate the anthology or usage of in rank. These are given below ( largely quote from Greenstein, 2000 ; p. 73 ) : Notice: habitues must be made awake of an entity s in bend patterns before delicate in bend is gather. Choice. Regulars should be prearranged the juncture to consent or agree any secondary usage ( uses other than the giving out of a affair ) of information. Lesser uses include notice or remove of informations to 3rd party. Therefore, this would stand for that the determined implicated in the topic would non direct them electronic mails in relation en path for former merchandises otherwise buy or make to be hold their talk to or in rank to any former company non there their say-so. Entree: clients must be able to entree their private informations every bit good as reappraisal it missing notable holds. They ought to besides be able to without jobs with rapidly correct erroneous particular in bend. Integrity and Security: The facts sing consumers non public in sequence should be procedure in such a system that the in rank is exact. The information should and be kept non to be unwraping as it is processed, transmit and stored. This make it required for ISPs and e-commerce unit to do on manus secure communicating with storage of figures. Enforcement: frequenters must hold some clear resources to undertake the location if any of the beneath description is desecrated. Every ISP and e-commerce unit should seek to endeavor to run into the privateness guidelines laid down by the FTC. The U.S. authorities has given private industries the chance to develop their ain guidelines sing the privateness rights of grownups. However, a recent study by the FTC indicated that private industries have, in general, failed to develop their ain criterions sing privateness. They found that 85 per centum of 1,402 sites surveyed collected personal information but did non hold any information about privateness policies. Management Summery EasyJet is through now nutrient readying to purchasing traveler by runing get downing outer metropolis airdromes, but it desires to supplementary introduce its services to pull the persistent accomplishment tourist. Extension into Middle-East, Russia, Asia and Africa must be ingredient of any self-motivated participant in the air hose industry in the visage of intense hostility inside Europe and saturate require. The development of the low rate souk will decelerate losing well in the following five old ages which will augment operating spending. So EasyJet, which has really susceptible working boundaries must explicate an unambiguous program to prevail over this hurdle without comprise its no-frills betterment. The air hose must do a distinguishable program to develop into low rate middling pull subdivision as the bantam draw paths are victory filled up. With suming up a petite more of forces on its flights, it must be able to squarely acclimatise to this country. EasyJet should augment its beginnings of auxiliary returns in-flight and on sentiment to decrease its susceptibleness to external services non below it s managed. The deserving monetary value portion to which EasyJet is mark is bound to augment in information, but every bit good the diverseness of alternate gettable to them is besides turning. So EasyJet has to work out scheme to maintain clasp of patronages and concept client fidelity. Decision Easy Jet s chief strength every bit good its trade scheme has been the violent, colorful selling move towards adopted by its ex-chairman Sir Stelios which have enable the trade name name to do really elevated call to mind and gratitude. Hopefully these findings carry on and function the concern good in the aggressive market. But Easy Jet has to spread out its vision to going a comprehensive participant by comforting its current cautious concern representation. This is really imperative as the up to day of the month European market would positively acquire afloat and as the LCC commercialism is stirring towards consolidation it has to look for new avenue for addition and development.

Amelia Earharts Last Flight essays

Amelia Earhart's Last Flight essays There is nothing special about flying around the world, George Putnam told his wife Amelia. People have already done it (Earhart 73). Yes, Amelia replied, but nobody has ever done it at the Equator, where the distance around the earth is the greatest (Earhart 73). On June 1, 1937 Amelia Earhart and her navigator Fred Noonan departed Miami, Florida bound for California by traveling around the world. The first destination was San Juan, Puerto Rico. From there they would go to the northeast edge of South America, across the Atlantic Ocean to Africa and the Red Sea. The flight to Karachi (then part of India) was another first-no one had ever flown non-stop from the Red Sea to India before. From Karachi the Lockheed Electra flew to Calcutta on June 17. From there, they flew on to Rangoon, Bangkok, Singapore, and Bandoeng. Monsoon weather prevented departure from Bandoeng for several days. It was June 27 before Earhart and Noonan were able to leave Bandoeng for Port Darwin, Australia. Earhart reached Lae in New Guinea on June 29. At this point they had flown 22,000 miles and there were 7,000 more to go. The next stop was Howland Island, a small piece of land that would be their refueling stop on the way to the Hawaiian Islands. It was 2,556 miles away from Lae and surrounded by nothing but ocean. The U.S. Coast Guard cutter Itasca was at the island to keep in radio contact. At first, everything seemed to go well. Earhart radioed she was making good progress and was within 100 miles of the island. Later she radioed: KHAQQ cling [calling] Itasca. We must be on you but cannot see you . . .gas is running low . . . (Lovell 283). After several more messages, she gave what she believed to be her position, then the radio went dead. The cutter Itasca, a battleship, an aircraft carrier with all its planes, and four destr ...

Free Essays on Music And The Mind

Even before film, music has been used to enhance dances, rituals, ceremonies and plays because of music's ability to characterize certain settings and determine the audience's reaction. Filmmakers also use music to accompany their works for several practical and aesthetic reasons. The job of creating the musical accompaniment for film has taken various forms, but as film production and technology has evolved, the process of scoring music for films has been refined into a standard process. This process creates a set of parameters a composer must work within in order to create new music for a film or in some cases adjust existing music. Composers invent innovative forms of musical expression unique to the specific intention of the film’s visuals. The film composer, through years of experience has acquired specific compositional techniques, that allows work within these production guidelines while still composing new, artistically revealing music that enhances the film’s s torylin! e. Through the scoring of any film, the music can easily manipulate an audience into any emotion by simply existing through the seemingly appropriate and sometimes contradicting use of space and time. The job of scoring film took on various forms, shapes and sizes through the years, as the task was entrusted to a pianist, followed by live orchestras, and briefly, according to London, gramophone records (85). Eventually, technology allowed sound to be recorded to the same film that showed the picture, which effectively re-standardized the presentation of film. Filmmakers then delivered the whole package. Up to then, the original composition of music for film existed, but was severely limited because of the "amateurism" of the local cinema orchestra (London 84). But in 1929 with the new standard of the sound-movie, the original composition of music for a specific film became standard procedure. About a decade later, composer Aaron Copland observed new ways t... Free Essays on Music And The Mind Free Essays on Music And The Mind Even before film, music has been used to enhance dances, rituals, ceremonies and plays because of music's ability to characterize certain settings and determine the audience's reaction. Filmmakers also use music to accompany their works for several practical and aesthetic reasons. The job of creating the musical accompaniment for film has taken various forms, but as film production and technology has evolved, the process of scoring music for films has been refined into a standard process. This process creates a set of parameters a composer must work within in order to create new music for a film or in some cases adjust existing music. Composers invent innovative forms of musical expression unique to the specific intention of the film’s visuals. The film composer, through years of experience has acquired specific compositional techniques, that allows work within these production guidelines while still composing new, artistically revealing music that enhances the film’s s torylin! e. Through the scoring of any film, the music can easily manipulate an audience into any emotion by simply existing through the seemingly appropriate and sometimes contradicting use of space and time. The job of scoring film took on various forms, shapes and sizes through the years, as the task was entrusted to a pianist, followed by live orchestras, and briefly, according to London, gramophone records (85). Eventually, technology allowed sound to be recorded to the same film that showed the picture, which effectively re-standardized the presentation of film. Filmmakers then delivered the whole package. Up to then, the original composition of music for film existed, but was severely limited because of the "amateurism" of the local cinema orchestra (London 84). But in 1929 with the new standard of the sound-movie, the original composition of music for a specific film became standard procedure. About a decade later, composer Aaron Copland observed new ways t...

Describe the methods used to calculate value added. How does value Essay - 1

Describe the methods used to calculate value added. How does value added contribute towards understanding the connections betwee - Essay Example Therefore, outputs that are not determined by one  self are not put into consideration (Sheikh, & Tonak, 2002). Marxist and neoclassical methods of determining value added B. Cox in 1979 agreed in his book called â€Å"value added† that Pigou’s definition went further in explanations. He construed value added in two diverse perspectives: the additive and the subtractive. In one, instance, the subtractive value added, is determined by taking away material purchases and services from revenue from sales. The value added signifies its creation. In addition, additive value added is deliberated by accumulation of labour cost (consisting of social charges), operating profit and depreciation. This permits the estimation methods where the created profit is distributed. Goods and services are (Samuelson, & Nordhaus, 2004) exchanged in business system; thus  a  market product entails a market where products are traded  (especially to firms). Thus, product market and busine ss are interrelated given that the business permits products to be traded in markets. Besides, vertical integration and value added are correlated. Indeed, if a company opts to vertical integration, its Value added ratio increases. However, many companies do not create their own products in entirety. An addition or change made by a business regarding a product or process prior to reaching the point of purchase or customer. In a situation where there is change in business value-added, there will be an increase in the quality and value of the process or products. However, the fact of the change in itself is not obvious to the customer (Palmer, 1998). The concept of Karl Marx where the value product is the same as the national accounting concept of determining net value added. It is obtained through subtracting the value of the gross product and expenditure on constant capital. The latter represents depreciation and the costs of intermediate products. In rotation, value added equals th e summation of variable capital (compensation of labor) and surplus-value (which is pre-tax profit income). The case is that labor generates value added (a new value) that comprises the cost of own wages i.e. payment for the ability of workers perform labor (labor power) and property income (surplus-value). In Marx's case, provided in Das Kapital thesis, workers apply sufficient labor-time within a working day so as to pay for proliferation costs where their ability to work in that day (labor-power) is judged by the extra work or surplus-labor required to compensate incomes to land-owners and capitalists among others (Deardorff, 2003). Given that labor is active and highly conscious factor in the process of production, capital goods which is the means of production together with gifts from nature like land and natural resources, facilitates the ability of labor to transform raw materials into finished products. It raises the physical productivity of labor regarding its ability to ge nerate use-values alongside value-productivity. The latter is the ability to generate use-values that can be traded for money (Yanovsky, 1999). On the contrary, neoclassical economics deem the incomes comprising added value as the prize for services provided. While critiquing the political economy, Marx observed incomes as consequences of production subject to circumstances of capitalist exploitation. In the capitalist class, they

Emergency Management 670 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emergency Management 670 - Essay Example However, it is good to know that mitigation and response are two very important aspects of each disaster management plan, due to the fact that they complement and supplement each other (Avery et al., 2008). In this regard, the most important thing to do even while choosing to trade off is by making sure that if one is favored for a specific risk, the other will still be financed even if in only a small portion of the budget for that particular risk. The best way for local government to deal with the situation is by treating each risk individually, and having a budget for each risk. This will allow each risk to be considered in terms of its characteristics and then based on these characteristics; the disaster management team can decide whether it is important for mitigation or response planning. Some risks such as those that are predictable and preventable will be better managed using mitigation planning while those that are less predictable and less preventable will be better managed using response mechanisms. Whether to trade off between response and mitigation should however be considered for each type of risk individually, rather than for the overall risks that face a community (Mueller & Stewart, 2011). This is because each risk is unique and would require a unique risk management method. For the risks that are preventable and predictable, the authorities can choose to use mitigation to manage the risks. On the other hand, for those risks that are not predictable, the best way is to prepare for a comprehensive response. In a nutshell, if each risk of a disaster is considered individually, then it is possible to trade off between mitigation and response for the risk of that disaster. The efficiency of a disaster management plan is dependent on both mitigation planning as well as response planning (Hess & Gotham, 2007). It is therefore not entirely correct to argue that a response plan or a mitigation plan can be ideal for the management of a

It Consultation Essay Example for Free

It Consultation Essay

Causes of Brick Deterioration and Decay in Buildings

Causes of Brick Deterioration and Decay in Buildings Introduction Most parts of the building are built from the brick. Nowadays, the brickwork defects ware commonly founded in building. The problem was getting more serious and serious. Seriously of the brickwork defects may cause a lot of problems to the occupants. The main problem encountered in building with a traditional outside bearing wall of brickwork and concrete inside bearing structure is caused by differences in the temperature and moisture-induced movement. Crack maybe be discovered in walls and solutions have to be found. (L.G.W.Verhoef, 2001) Brickwork defect occurs in building has a variety of reasons. This is perhaps not surprising when one considers the wide range of differences bricks and technique in construction of building, differences in the construction sites and the varied occupational or owner used of the completed building. Brickwork will deteriorate and decay if not properly maintained. Such deterioration can be caused by a number of factors and can take various forms. The main signs that brickwork is suffering are surface growth and staining, efflorescence, loosed brick becoming dislodged, crack appears throw the bricks or mortar and etc (Moses Jenkins, 2007). In this sub chapter, the different types of the brickwork defect will be determined. This chapter gave an overview of various types of the brickwork defects and understanding the brickwork defects. To identify the different types of the brickwork defects will make easily for the occupants or owners to find out the causes of the defects and take the suitable remedies method in the right way. Define bricks Brick is the materials that commonly use to build the buildings wall. Clay bricks are the most common brick type. It is made from the sand and clay and uniformly burnt at temperatures between 800 °C and 1200 °C. Surface finishes are sometimes applied e.g. glazed bricks. Glazed bricks are still being produced in quantity and can be obtained from a major English brick manufacturer and supplier. Calcium Silicate bricks is manufactured from sand-lime (calcium silicate). The bricks are pressed under great pressure and steamed in an autoclave. The bricks are smooth, fine textured and light in colour. The brick colour is produced from material source, composition and firing temperature. The size of bricks over time has changed considerably. Some early medieval bricks were 13 inches by 6 inches by 2 inches. By the late 15th century a brick 9.5 inches by 4.5 inches by 2 inches became the norm and a charter in 1571 stipulated 9 inches by 4.5 inches by 2.25 inches. By the 18th century, 8.25 inches by 4 inches by 2.5 inches brick was introduced. Modern bricks are 8.5 inches by 4 inches by 2.5 inches which following metrication translated to 215mm by 102.5mm by 65mm. Modern bricks is the brick that most of the building using in nowadays. Defect of size Oversized bricks are caused by poor material selection and preparation or underfiring. Under size bricks are caused mainly by poor material preparation, faulty moulds and overfiring. Defect of shape The causes of these defects are many. These are including poor preparation of moulds or moulding technique, faults in stacking, rough handling and uneven drying. If the bricks are considerably over burnt, incipient fusion takes place and the bricks, called burrs, come out of the kiln or clamp stuck together. Burrs are suitable only for hardcore purposes. Defects of body Faults in the raw material body can give rise to defects such as cracking, bloating and laminations. Cracking and warping of bricks, causing incipient weakness, maybe due to exposure of green bricks to direct sunlight or rapid drying winds. Similar effects will be produced by putting green bricks into the kiln too soon. Large cracks maybe caused by rain getting onto hot bricks. Defect of Appearance These defects are caused primarily by faulty wires in the case of wire-cut bricks. Dark spots are caused by the presence of unevenly distributed iron sulphide in the clay. Brick wall settlement Any movement in a structural  brick wall which risks having broken the bond courses in the wall, and any movement in a  brick veneer wall which has broken or loosened the connections between the veneers to the underlying structure are potentially dangerous and risk collapsing masonry. Bulging brick wall This is likely to be a bond-brick or bond-course failure. This defect is potentially extremely dangerous and must be very urgent to take action. If not, it can causes the building suddenly collapse. Cracks and Bulges in brick walls Frost and earth loading can push a below-grade brick foundation wall inwards. The wall is often bulged inwards as well as showing horizontal and step cracking and loose bricks over the bulged area. The damage occurs from slightly above ground level to roughly the frost line. Cracks and loose bricks Normally, crack and loose bricks are cause by frost, settlement, expansion, diagonal and stair-stepped. Those defects often happen at building corners where roof spillage is concentrated. Loose bricks and missing or lost mortar This is the movement where mortar is severely washed-out by roof spillage or other water movement against the foundation. Loose and lost bricks may also occur where wood blocks, originally set into a wall to permit nailing of interior components, is damaged by insects or decay. Similarly, if wood joists are damaged and bend excessively or collapse (insect damage, rot, fire) the collapsing joist can, as its in-wall end moves, damage the foundation or building wall. Fire cuts on wood joists in brick walls were intended to minimize this damage source by angling the end of the joist where it was set into the wall pocket. Sand-blasted bricks   Which have been cleaned of old paint, algae, or stains using high pressure sand blasting or possibly even very high pressure water blasting can be permanently damaged by loss of the harder surface of the bricks which had been provided by their original firing. Once the softer internal brick has been exposed, the bricks will be more inclined to absorb water and to suffer water and frost damage. Sandblasting brick is considered a poor practice in building renovation and maintenance. Spalling bricks Spalling is caused by water and frost, such as water leaking into a brick structure at any entry point: a crack, a brick which has lost its hard surface, or at openings by window and door penetrations. But beware about caulking brick. Exfoliating-rust damage to brick   Masonry wall occur these defects when brick walls have been improperly caulked where caulking should have been omitted. The most common example of this defect is the damage that occurs to a brick wall when a steel lintel over a window or door is caulked tightly between the brick and the steel. Moisture penetrating the brick wall through cracks or mortar joints is trapped around the steel lintel. Rust developing on steel lintels has tremendous lifting power as the rusting exfoliating metal expands, sufficient to crack and damage bricks around lintel. Improper repair mortar  on brickwork During repair work, tuck pointing bricks, or re-pointing bricks can cause surface spalling of bricks if the mason uses a too hard mortar with high portland content mortar on soft brick in a climate exposed to freezing weather. The high portland content means that the mortar will be not only harder, but more waterproof than the surrounding brick. Water trapped around the hard mortar can freeze leading to surface spalling of the bricks. This is particularly likely to be seen when a wall has been tuck pointed using hard high-portland mortar where originally a soft high-lime mortar was used and where the original bricks were soft. Salts on brickwork Salts are a major cause of deterioration. Salt can enter bricks through contaminated water ingress. In coastal areas salt can come from the sea and, in winter, the nearby application of road salt is a constant threat. Salt is damaging because it creates a steady expansion of crystals within the bricks. This can eventually force the structure of the brick apart. The source of salt can occur from within the bricks themselves or from the application of contaminated mortars or renders. Brick lined chimney flues are also vulnerable as sulphates can be introduced when flu gasses condense. This is a common defect where a chimney has been sealed without adequate ventilation. Efflorescence on brickwork Efflorescence appears as a white powdery deposit on the brick. It is a phenomenon that soluble slats dissolved in water are carried, deposited and gradually accumulated on brick surfaces to form an unsightly scum. Without water efflorescence cannot occur. The soluble salts may be originated from the raw material of bricks. But in most cases, efflorescence is caused by salts from the external sources such as ground water, contaminated atmosphere, mortar ingredients and other materials in contacts with the bricks. To minimize the risk (it can never be completely avoided in brickwork exposed to weathering) the building detail should be designed, as far as is possible, to avoid saturation. In other words good overhangs, copings and sills with drips all need to be considered. Efflorescence can be helped on its way by sponging down the wall with clean water (avoiding substantial wetting) or dry brushing with soft brushes. Any other treatment should be avoided as it may disfigure the bricks .   Frost Attack on brickwork Frost attack often occurs when very cold weather immediately follows a very wet spell. When porous materials become saturated and the temperature drops below freezing the formation of ice causes stresses which some bricks cannot be resist and cracking or spalling occurs. Clay bricks are classified as frost resistant, moderately frost resistant, and not frost resistant. Calcium silicate bricks are not generally at risk although it is wise to specify bricks with a compressive strength. Thermal movement on brickwork Every materials expand or contracts as the temperature of the material changes, typically expanding as its temperature increases and contracting as its temperature decreases. Different materials expand and contract at different rates when they undergo similar changes in their temperatures. Brick veneer can expand and contract approximately. When determine the expansion or contraction of a brick veneer, it is important to remember the effects of the sun on materials. The energy from the suns rays raises the temperature of a material well above the air temperature. On a day when the air temperature is 32 ° F, the energy from the sun can raise a walls temperature to above 100 ° F Thermal expansion failures in structural or veneer brick walls A separate factor that can cause very large movements and extensive damage to brick structures or brick veneer walls is the thermal expansion which occurs across a long or tall brick wall when that wall is heated by sun exposure. The photographs show significant thermal expansion damage in a long brick structure. Significant breaks and gaps  at vertical brick mortar joints due to thermal expansion and perhaps some frost and water damage. Photograph of thermal expansion damage to a brick wallFigure1: Significant breaks Horizontal sliding breaks  in brick mortar joints,  exposing reinforcing wire to rust, exfoliation, and additional damage from those forces as the exfoliating wire produced still more pressure on the mortar joint. Photograph of a collapsed brick strudctural wallFigure2: Horizontal breaks Step cracking  following mortar joints near the building corners and where the wall movement was resisted by first story intersecting brick walls abutting at right angles the middle section of the long brick wall. Photograph of thermal expansion damage to a brick wallFigure3: Step cracking Cracks and broken bricks at the intersections of brick walls and openings. Photograph of thermal expansion damage to a brick wallFigure 4: Cracks and broken bricks (InspectApedia, 2007) Moisture movement on brickwork Moisture affects all porous masonry materials, including brick, mortar and concrete masonry units but in very different ways. These effects must be considered when a combination of these materials is used, such as when brick rests on a concrete foundation, brick veneer units are used with block back up, and when brick and architectural concrete products are used in the same wythe bands of precast concrete or architectural concrete block in a brick veneer. After their initial mixing or casting, mortar, poured-in-place concrete and concrete masonry units shrink as the curing of the Portland cement proceeds. This is an unavoidable consequence of the curing of concrete products and is accommodated in design. Sulphate attack on brickwork Most ordinary clay bricks contain sulphates of sodium, magnesium or calcium. These salts are soluble in water in water, calcium sulphate being less soluble than the other two. Normally, these sulphates are seen as the harmless efflorescence which affect appearance only and need simply to be brushed away. In theory, most brick walls with mortars based on OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) are liable to sulphate attack. The most vulnerable walls are earth-retaining walls and parapet walls but sulphate attack is a problem also on rendered, and on facing brickwork. On rendered brickwork, sulphate attack is manifested by cracking of the rendering, the cracks being mainly horizontal and corresponding to the mortar joints below. The rendering may adhere quite well to the bricks early in the attack but areas are likely to become detached as the expansion of the underlying brickwork causes severance of the bond between the two material. (H.J.Eldridge,B.Sc.1976) Lime staining on brickwork Lime staining occurs when calcium hydroxide is deposited on the face of brickwork. Lime staining will quickly absorbs carbon dioxide from the air and becomes calcium carbonate. It is virtually insoluble and can only be removed by expert and costly treatment. The calcium hydroxide can come from three main sources: calcium hydroxide caused by the hydration of Portland cement from hydrated lime added to mortar from brickwork in contact with wet concrete Porosity on brick Porosity is an important characteristic of brick. In contrast to other moulded or pre-cast building materials, the porosity of brick is attributed to its fine capillaries. By virtue of the capillary effect, the rate of moisture transport in the brick is ten times faster than in other building materials. Moisture is released during day-time and re-absorbed during night-time. The ability to release and re-absorb moisture by capillary effect is one of the most useful properties of brick that helps to regulate the temperature and humidity of atmosphere in a building. This distinctive property makes brick an admirable building material, particularly suitable for buildings in the tropics. On the other hand, all porous materials are susceptible to chemical attacks and liable to contamination from weathering agents like rain, running water and polluted air. Crack in brick faces/firecracks The finished appearance of clay brick can vary greatly, this is because dependant on clay and the manufacturing process. Some products contain cracks of varying degree (sometimes referred to as firecracks) as an inherent feature. Firecracks are usually visible on the product as delivered. However, firecracks can be masked by the texture and surface sands used in the manufacturing process becoming visible after bricks are laid as a result of natural weathering of exposed brickwork. Dampness of the brick wall More or less permanent dampness showing more clearly on the internal wall surface from ground level up to a height of about 750mm, but may be higher in severe cases or if the outer face is covered with a non-porous finish. The decorations may be damp, blistered or discoloured, or, if dry, may have been pushed off the wall by a film or salts which will often be seen as a fluffy crystalline growth. The possible causes of dampness in the brick wall are lack of dpc (damp proof course), by-passing of the dpc, Failure of the dpc material. Brick growth and expansion gaps in brickwork Bricks undergo long-term permanent expansion over time. This expansion continues for the life of the brick, but the majority of the growth occurs early in its life. Most general purpose bricks have a coefficient of expansion in the range of 0.5-1.5mm/m (millimeters per meter) over fifteen years. Designers can use the values of the coefficient of expansion to accommodate for the growth of bricks by the size and spacing of the control joints. The provision of control gaps or articulation joints between parts of the structure during construction will accommodate movements within the structure over time. Numerous sources of movement exist and include: The change in size of building materials with temperature, loading conditions and moisture content The differential change in size of building materials (for example, cement products shrink over time, whilst clay bricks expand slowly over time) Foundation and footings movement Frame movement Frame shortening Temperature movement Internal horizontal and vertical movement Causes of the brickwork defects Introduction: Brickworks are used primarily in the construction of walls. To construct the brick wall required many skills, design, experience, selection of material, and technique. Lack of all expertise may cause the brickwork defects or failure of the building. The defects that occur in brickwork maybe the result of inherent faults, deficiencies in production, design, materials or workmanship, and attack by environmental agents. After the brickwork has been constructed, it maybe meets of various requirements, climate, loading, and occupational in use. It is not surprising that defects happened or occurs frequently. In this sub chapter, the causes of the brickwork defects will be list out. To find out the actual causes of the brickwork defects will be easily for the occupational to take the right remedies immediately and reduces the brickwork defects happen. Selection of bricks The choice of bricks is often influenced by the price but the quality required must also be carefully considered in order to avoid defects developing during the service life of the material. Therefore, the selection of suitable bricks for any particular purpose has often to be a trade-off between appearance and durability requirements on the one hand, and cost on the other. This is not always possible to assess the quality of bricks by the colour, variability of colour of bricks of the same source and method of production can often be an indication of strength and durability variations. Storage of bricks Bricks on site are rarely kept under adequate cover. Defects in the bricks resulting from the lack of adequate protection on the site are rarely apparent before use. However, bad weather conditions can be detrimental to bricks in that saturation by rain can be responsible for both subsequent efflorescence and decoration defects. Soluble Salts in Bricks Under burnt bricks contain a high salt content. The salts come from the raw clay from which the bricks are made, or are formed in the burning process. Most clay bricks contain some soluble salts, but the types and amounts vary appreciably. The effect of the soluble salts on both efflorescence and the more serious problem of disintegration of bricks themselves are largely governed by the strength and pores structure of the bricks. Sulphate attack Sulphates are salts which are naturally present in industrial waste, gypsum product, clay bricks, flue condensates and in some ground waters. In persistently damp conditions, sulphate will react slowly with tricalcium aluminate forming a compound called calcium sulphoaluminate. This reaction causes the cement mortar or render of the brickwork to expend and eventually disintegrate. Solar Radiation While drying out of soil by trees is the most common reason for cracking in brickwork, some clay are also very susceptible to drying out by direct solar radiation. The northern facing wall is the most likely to be affected and stepped diagonal cracking is the most common symptom, usually occurring at the north east and north west corner of the building. (Greg Loveder, 2000) Migration of moisture The movement of moisture beneath a building can produce the phenomenon known as long term dome and saucer effect. The dome effect is a slow heaving of the soil caused by movement of moisture from the perimeter of the house to its centre, and the saucer effect is moisture moving in the opposite direction, from the centre towards the perimeter. The dome effect causes the walls to tilt outwards and the restraining influence of the roof produces horizontal cracks on the outside wall. These will be wider on the outside surface rather than the inner. Planting of tree Some of the brickwork defects may cause by big trees roots that plant nearby the building area. When planning to plant trees, the idea to be considering is the strength of the footings under the house. If lack of strength, the roots of the trees maybe grow into the ground under the building and cause the brick wall settlement and cracking. Uneven settlement of foundations Where a particular heavy load is placed on the foundation such as a large column, movement may occur as moisture is squeezed out of the soil or the soil readjusts itself. This consolidation will stop when the soil has finally compacted enough to support the load. Brick wall or masonry wall may crack which may result from movement during compaction. Excessive vibration Damage caused by vibration from earth tremors, heavy traffic or pile driving is fairly rare, however if the vibration is great enough to actually cause the foundation to move, brickwork cracking or defect can occur. The crack will show up irregularly if the sources of the vibration cannot be removed. (Greg Loveder, 2000) Additional building Building an addition building onto a house or add more storey of houses can impose a load intensity on the soil different that which is there already and so cause differential settlement. Even if the loading intensities are similar, the difference in time between when the two settlements occurred can be enough to create the brick wall cracks. Approach of design Design of brick wall is very important. The designer must have the knowledge about the brick experience in chosen the types of brick to be used. The designer must be fully aware of the clients needs. Defects often occur because of a lack of understanding of the different types of bricks and the method of construct the brick wall. Lack experience of worker Workers in the masonry construction is not in strict accordance with the construction and standards, masonry mortar is not full, especially in vertical mortar joints are not full, and even produce dense seam, seam permeability. In addition, the dry brick on the wall, mortar in the brick water was absorbed, causing low strength of mortar, brick and mortar separation, so that the overall stiffness of masonry fell, gray mortar joints crack. Overloading Cracks of brickwork may result from overloading of the ground on which the building rests, or of the building itself or parts of it. Releasing the load does not necessary allow the masonry wall to revert to its original state since the overloading may have been partially accommodated by a permanent compaction of the bricks. The forces responsible for the overloading may be of external origin, such as excessive wind, or may be internal, such as those arising from the installation of excessively heavy equipment for which the masonry wall was not designed. A change of occupational may have same results. Lack of maintenance Maintenance must be taken for all the building to minimize the cost of repair work for seriously defects happen. Lack of maintenance will make a small cracks or defects on brickwork change to more serious and serious. Improper soil analysis and preparation When a builder chooses an area of land to build on, it is important to do some sort of soil analysis and preparation. The analysis will provide the developer and/or builder with enough information to choose the adequate soil preparation and construction strategy that should be used to develop the land. Improper soil analysis and preparations can be very damaging to a housing development. For example, a builder can discover that the land soil is made up of expansive soil. If this is the case, houses need to have a foundation that will be able to support the changing pressure and consistency of the soil. This is because expansive soil will swell when wet and then shrink once it dries. If one builds on this type of soil and is not aware of it, there will inevitably be issues to handle. There will be crack in the brick wall or masonry wall. The repair of this is very costly and very intrusive. Unfortunately, the reality is improper soil analysis and preparations happen all the time. Negligence of construction Negligent construction is an unfortunately common occurrence. A builder has to be very careful when choosing a contractor or subcontractor. A builder will sometimes use one contactor for various projects. A contractor may have skills to install floor tiles but not the know how to build a brick wall. The responsibility can fall on several parties when there is a defect, and thats up to your attorney to determine. Movement of the ground Mining subsidence, landslips, earthquakes, or moisture changes of shrinkable clay soil may cause the movement of the ground. The brick wall of the building will be crack because the wall of building has become displaced from the rest without any change in actual size of the materials. In theory, this is possible to reconnect the displace parts to bring the building back to its original condition but in practice this seldom can be done. Acid rain Acid rain is precipitation that is much more acidic than normal rainfall, and the acid rain is usually caused by pollution such as sulfur and nitrogen emissions. Several different mechanisms are operant in the deterioration of brick masonry through the action of acid rain. The bricks are susceptible to acid rain through the selective dissolution of their glassy phase. The mortar is affected mainly by the reaction of the calcareous components. The soluble salts resulting from these reactions, in solution with rain water or condensed moisture, will migrate through the porous matrix of the masonry. In the places where the water evaporates the salts will be deposited. Repeated dissolution and re-crystallization of these salts leads to the mechanical disruption of the masonry structure. Since the salts will concentrate in the more porous material, either the brick or the mortar will be more seriously affected, depending on their relative porosity. Environment Two aspects of the environment have been considerably which is wind and temperature. This is because they cause loading to be applied to the structure. The strong wind may cause the brick wall or the whole building move, this may cause cracking to the part of the building. The high temperature applied to the brickwork may cause spalling and brick prolong to high temperature can lead to surface vitrification. (A.M.Swoden, 1990) Remedies method of the brickwork defects in building Introduction: As known early, brickwork is one of the largest parts of most of the building. The strength, stability, and durability of brickwork are very important. If lack of all those factor, the brick wall or masonry wall maybe fall down or collapse suddenly. If the brickwork occurs any cracking or defects, the right method of remedies must be taken immediately. This is to ensure that the occupational or owner use the building under safety and healthy purposes. Brickwork will deteriorate and decay if not properly maintained. Such deterioration can be caused by a number of factors and can take various forms. The main signs that brickwork is suffering are surface growth and staining, efflorescence, loosed brick becoming dislodged, crack appears throw the bricks or mortar and etc. So, the right remedy must be taken to ensure the brickwork do not decay and deteriorate. (Moses Jenkins, 2007) In this sub chapter, the remedies method for various types of defects will be list out. This is to avoid the brickwork defect getting serious in building in construction industry. The defects of brickwork must be repair immediately, if not the defects will be more serious. For example, cracking can be due to expansion or shrinkage the clay brickwork itself. Remedies of efflorescence Efflorescence can be minimized by laying dry bricks and by speeding up the drying process after the bricks have been laid by providing good ventilation. The salts that cause efflorescence are soluble in water. Hosing with water will cause the salts to dissolve and be re-absorbed into the brickwork, and then reappear when the brick wall dries out again. Acid or alkaline treatments are not recommended as they increase the salt content of the wall. The best method is simply brush off the deposit with a stiff dry bristle brush after the wall has dried out. Then sponge the surface with a damp synthetic chamois or high suction sponge. Use very little water and rinse sponge frequently in fresh water. Remedies of sulphate attack The effects of sulphate attack manifest themselves as expansion of the jointing mortar. On rendered walls the signs are horizontal cracking of the rendering with portions falling off. Advanced stages of attack may make the structure unsafe. When rebuilding is necessary, the bricks use should be of low sulphate content and the mortar should be of a mix of 1:1:6 sulphate-resistance Portland cement: hydrated lime: sand. In addition, care should be taken to exclude all conditions of dampness. On rendered walls, the rendering should be removed and the brickwork allowed to dry before reapplying a weaker mix of sulphate-resistance cement, lime and sand. Tackling Decay Where decay has occurred, take action to rectify the damage will be necessary before this leads to greater problems. The use of chemical treatments to stabilize brick should only be considered with extreme caution. Whilst the defects may be effective initially, there has been insufficient research carried out on the possible long term damage such treatments could have. Chemical sealants can trap moisture within the brick just as effectively as the claims to keep water out. Cleaning Cleaning soiled brick buildings should be undertaken carefully. In the past, the use of inappropriate cleaning techniques has resulted in considerable damage being done. If considered essential small scale tests should be employed to assess the effectiveness and likely damage which could be caused before any large scale work is carried out. There are some guides when doing the cleaning works:- Do not re-clean brickwork with the same chemicals unless recommended by the cleani

Learning and Decisions Essay

Decisions can be difficult to make because they have such an impact on life. Have you ever had to make an important decision? Making decisions is very important in life. Decisions are what make the world go around. I have made many decisions in my life. One that has changed the high school part of my life was whether or not I would play varsity hockey my freshman year. Before the decision I had made a list of the â€Å"pros and cons†. For instance I didn’t like the fact that I would get less playing time, although in the long run I would learn more and become a better hockey player. If I were to look back on my decision I definitely wouldn’t change it for a second. Perhaps I might do some things different, but overall I improved my skills a lot and now use to the pace of the game. For this reason during the off season I was provided with more opportunities to play with older players to keep improving my skills. Some decisions can make or break a friendship. Specifically at the beginning of this school year I told myself I was going to change my personality, and become a nicer guy. Compared to staying the same arrogant kid I have been able to acquire more friends and more respect. Particularly I choose to begin this decision because I felt like an idiot. In truth I figured I would be able to focus better in school because I wouldn’t be getting in trouble. All things considered I’m glad I made this decision. I am a lot happier person, and I hope to stick with it. With the way the economy is, I feel very fortunate to have a job. During the past two summers I made the decision to get a job. The alternative decision for me was to be sitting at home doing nothing, or out at work gaining in income, and a responsible attitude. Specifically I also choose this decision thinking it would keep me out of trouble. T was constantly exhausted but learned a lot of responsibility. Now after the decision if I were to look back on it I don’t regret it. Decisions can be difficult to make because they have such an impact on life. The decisions I talked about were all ones that I would not change. These decisions have changed my life and I have learned a lot from them. In conclusion I have learned a lot from the decisions I have made, whether or not I regret them I look back on them as learning experiences.